And even if countries manage to implement it, the deal is unlikely to emerge unchanged. First, the deal will confront the reality of domestic politics. The agreement has rightly been described as groundbreaking, but its full significance will ultimately depend on future developments. But after nearly a year of intense negotiation, 137 countries representing more than 90 percent of global GDP and almost 75 percent of the world’s population agreed to a deal that would both reduce the international tax system’s dependence on physical presence and introduce a minimum tax rate. The physical presence of a company inside a country determined whether its profits could be taxed there, and the ability to set tax rates was widely viewed as a central aspect of sovereignty that countries should never bargain away. Until now, multilateral cooperation involved only a few dozen countries-members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)-and only a narrow set of technical issues. These changes augur a fundamental shift in how international tax works. First, it makes it more difficult for companies to avoid paying taxes in countries where they are making money but have no physical footprint and second, it introduces a global minimum tax rate of 15 percent. The new tax agreement aims to make it harder for companies to escape tax, and it also aims to reduce the global race to the bottom on corporate tax rates. To combat these trends, and to secure funding for its “Build Back Better” plan, the Biden administration enlisted international cooperation. corporate tax rates and that loopholes in the international tax system have allowed companies to avoid taxes by shifting their profits abroad. For example, the Biden administration knows that global competitive pressures have driven down U.S. The global tax deal endorsed by world leaders at the recent G-20 meeting in Rome reflects the adage “To retain tax sovereignty, a state must relinquish it.” This seeming paradox refers to states’ increasing inability to collect tax revenue needed to fund domestic policies unless they work together.
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